苹果淫院
1821-1875: The Origins
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![]() Campus in 1859 |
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The Medical Institution merged with 苹果淫院 College in 1829 and subsequently gained legal standing and academic prestige. During the next 30 years, a number of distinguished medical men occupied the position of lecturer in Physiology and Materia Medica, including Drs. Stephen Sewell (1843), Robert MacDonel (1845), William Fraser (1849) and Joseph Morley Drake (1872). During Drake鈥檚 tenure, the University opened the first medical building on campus and the 1872 graduating class included the then 22 year old . |
![]() 苹果淫院 campus with Arts,Observatory, Presbyterian College, and Old Medical Building (1873-80) Notman Archives (McCord Museum) |
![]() Dr. William Osler in 1909 (Osler library 苹果淫院) |
1876-1919: The Building Blocks
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![]() George Ralph Mines |
In subsequent years, with the addition of electro-physiological equipment, students were able to experiment by observing action currents of heart, muscle and nerves. Research also greatly expanded both in variety and scope. The chair of the Department, Thomas Mills, delved into topics ranging from the innervation of the heart, mechanisms of oxalic acid secretion to aspects of animal intelligence and the physiology of singing. However with the first world war, the Department entered a decade of instability and tragic events. In 1914, George Ralph Mines, a brilliant young promising physiologist from Cambridge became professor, but was found three months later dying in his laboratory, with no conclusive explanation. 听 |
1919-1949: The Heroic Age
Tait and McNally papers on the frog鈥檚 vestibular apparatus and its influence on posture became classics in the field. McNally subsequently went on to devote himself mainly to clinical work and established in 1961 the Institute of Otolaryngology of the Royal Victoria Hospital and 苹果淫院 with its still existing 3 divisions, the Clinical division, the Speech and Hearing Division, and the Research Division. |
![]() Hering's apparatus for demonstrating the action of the respiratory pump |
By 1928, , an exile from Russia and one-time collaborator of Ivan Pavlov had joined the Department. He was a respected authority on the digestive glands; a group of graduate students, among them Margaret E. MacKay, the Department鈥檚 first female Ph.D. graduate, joined him. Babkin鈥檚 research branched out into entirely new areas: humoral transmission in the secretory innervation of the salivary glands (evidence for chemical transmission in mammals), experimental study of auditory conditioned reflexes. The interests of the Department at that time would include the properties of blood and its constituents, the functional properties of heart muscle, the secretory activity of salivary glands, some aspects of immunity, humoral and hormonal mechanisms of the digestive system, mechanisms of conditioning, the functioning of special senses, and even certain aspects of psychiatry. During this period, technological developments and innovations were emerging from the Department鈥檚 own machine shop that turned out many rough sketches into working prototypes with the help of enterprising 苹果淫院 scientists and clinicians, including the surgeon Norman Bethune. 听 |
![]() The Kymograph The pressure and movement of a lever pressing onto a rotating drum (covered with paper) leaves a white trace, providing data of interest. 听 |
To be noted in the early 1940鈥檚, the arrival of a refugee engineer and biophysicist from Yugoslavia, Paul Sekelj who received a joint appointment in Physiology and in the Biophysics Department at the Montreal Children鈥檚 Hospital. He developed the first clinically useful whole-blood oximeter, a novel type of automatic instantaneous heart rate monitor, and many other instrumentation prototypes. |
![]() Marey's sphygmograph for taking a tracing of the radial pulse From Practical Physiology, Cathcart, Paton and Pembrey, 2nd ed. 1925 (Instruments used in laboratories circa 1920) |
![]() The Duboscq colorimeter |
A spirometer |